CHAPTER  2

The Atom

The Atom

Where it all begins... 

And where it all leads.

First let me say that I am keeping this entire book at the level of the individual atom as it is understood to stand alone as the basic unit, with its well known parts.  

Atoms come in various sizes and flavors.  They consist of one or more positively charged protons in their nucleus along with a matching number of negatively charged electrons in orbit around that nucleus, the numbers of which make up the various elements, hydrogen, iron, etc. 

The nucleus also contains neutrons in an amount equal to the protons, except for helium which has no neutron.  They seem to play a part in producing or controlling the amount and exchange of mass and energy.  Their mass is equal to the total mass of the protons and electrons together.  There may be times when the number of electrons and neutrons are not exactly as above.   Atoms may be missing or have extra of either, which gives them different qualities and names such as ions, isotopes, etc.   But we leave all that for others to work out, much of it already done.  In any case, these constructions give atoms their atomic weights and inherent mass, and therefore their inherent gravity.  How much gravity they are able to produce in and of themselves.

Atoms are known to create more mass and gravity the higher their velocity through the cosmos.  Whether by scoffing up more Higgs bosons or by cutting through more lines of force of some as yet unknown cosmic medium.  Perhaps the Higgs field or the instantaneous transmission field Aether that has been suspected and suggested as far back as the ancient Greeks.    And still today by phenomenon such as entangled particles, and what are called Virtual particles.  Those little sparks that jump out of nowhere, and instantly disappear again, as if two ‘somethings’ collided while travelling their invisible paths.

It is also known that neutrons can and do become protons at times.   I’m expecting it’s done fluidly, as needed.    To introduce more positivity to a nucleus in the direction of errant electrons...     Automatic fluctuations as those directions and amounts change...  

In any case, the means is not the issue.   An atoms mass and gravity increase or decrease according to their ability and speed through the cosmos, be they alone or in groups of any size.   And if they were not moving, I expect they would not produce any gravity at all.   But we’ll never know. 

*** Addition made on 4-24-15

In that velocity creates mass and gravity.., there must be a cosmic base of zero velocity where there is no gravity.    No need for it if nothing is moving in the first place...   Can we determine it..?

Perhaps simply by measuring the mass of a single atom or object in several different frames...  To know the rate of change,  if it’s linear or exponential, and take it from there.    So bring about these various frames here on earth to do that measuring.   It can be done easily.  Very basically and lay language so everyone can understand.., just measure the acceleration weight that is applied to a scale while reaching each higher velocity.  Measuring only from the start of increasing weight to the end of increase...  Ie, back to the weight recorded before acceleration began from that other frame.

Measure while one is changing from earth’s frame to a frame of a certain velocity.  And then again to another higher velocity.   And another...  Compute the various findings to know how the weight goes in respect to each increase in velocity...    Perhaps including the calculations needed to account for the scale undergoing frame change too, which I believe will prevent some of the the mass and gravity increase or decrease from being recorded.   But then again it’s all relative.   So it may not need what may be over thinking.

Then one can get an idea of how much gravity/weight/mass is generated by changes in velocity and using that info work down to that total cosmic speed of zero.  Where everything else moves relative to it...

Of course you will get into negative numbers with the velocity as it will go below our zero.  But when you reach zero gravity you’ll know you’re at zero velocity.   From there it will also tell you what our frame’s velocity is through the cosmos.  Simply make the negative number positive.    It may well be close to the velocity that observer out there sees us truly moving through the cosmos at...   Not what we see in relation to local objects, etc. 

* * * End addition...

Protons and electrons being equal cause the atom to be electrically neutral, theoretically at least.  Although they are never totally neutral as the electron's orbits are never perfectly circular.  They are stretched and distended away from the atom's nucleus as that atom dashes about the cosmos.  The atoms not losing an electron to become a positive ion but their ever so slight extra distance from the proton causes that atom to become slightly positive.  And so, depending on the distance, some atoms are more positive than others. 

It seems obvious that as atoms move through space, the distance they cover has to be added to the distance its electrons normally cover in their orbits.  And being unable to speed up to cover that extra, they will take longer to complete each orbit.   No matter whether they are a part of a space ship traveling at half the speed of light, or in you walking to the corner mailbox and back.  Einstein himself said in so many words that there is always 'payback'. :) 

Atoms have these moving parts in whatever form of blur or fuzz they're considered to be, and it is known that they can and do take irregular orbital paths.   So I submit that this is where the various directions and distances the atom travels is accounted for.  Most likely at a level well below our ability to measure but that protons can perceive quite easily. 

It is the single fact to which everything relates. 

There is a physical operating-speed or aging relativity between atoms of the cosmos. 

So we submit that as an atom travels through space, its electron's orbits become longer, as they are affected by the atom's velocity, direction changes, and various miscellaneous attractions from other gravity fields.  As inertia and gravity are the same.  All the while the atom producing its own bit of additional gravity as needed to bring those more distant electrons back to the fold as best it can.  To balance against and meld with all outside gravitational attractions. 

Each atom will be either pulled into one of the gravity fields that attract it, to become a part of it, to help attract other single or small groups of atoms to it too.  Or to escape the attraction, lower its own proportional gravity strength again, and continue speeding through the cosmos.

Remember that you are on a planet spinning on its axis, going around a star, going around a galaxy, and so on.   So your atoms are moving quite erratically as you sit reading this book.  Not to mention the additional motions some of your atoms go through as you reach for your coffee and turn the pages.  Every single atom in your body and on up through every object in the cosmos has its own individual inertial frame of reference, continuously working to maintain its equilibrium as it were.  These variations taking place within the flexing of the whole, a minimal part of an otherwise stable overall group of atoms, whatever they may be forming, working more or less together.  Up to and including the universe itself.  It is keeping its basic shape quite well.    All with the help of these lowly atoms creating a self policing gravity network that makes it all work.   It’s a balancing act between any atom and those others around it. 

With straight line velocity only an atom's electron orbits form trailing spirals to elongated ovals, depending on their orientation to the nucleus.  Further departures from circular orbits are brought on by the constant fluctuations of outside gravity.  In other words, electron orbits are continuously being contorted as every atom moves faster or slower than those around it.  Just consider that the atoms in your hand are moving faster and further than those in your shoulder when you reach for your coffee.  Your fingertips have aged the least. 

Outside gravity strengths create localized bulges in the overall spiral or oval velocity-only induced paths.  Extra distance, longer orbits, more counter balancing gravity being created, slower operation. Conservation of energy.    Every atom keeps itself in harmony with the cosmos around it.

It is being seen as beneficial to the atom that this extra internal gravity was able to be produced mostly in the direction of those extra distances the electrons are from the protons.  IOW, to pull back more in the direction that is being pulled away.    While the entire nucleus likely becomes more positive, particular protons may have more positivity than others in the direction(s) needed.  

If that is the case, it would be that individual protons would be going more positive in the direction of those errant electrons.    Fitting with the scenario of atoms travelling erratically, this would be going on at all times, in one or more directions at once.  So it would certainly seem that the individual protons adjust to various strengths of positivity that they are capable of and accept.     So each proton would be positive to the next lesser one and negative to the more positive one.   A chain of different levels of positive charges distributed among the protons of the nucleus, each attracted to the next.  I see the protons constantly rearranging themselves to attract errant electrons back from whatever direction they're pulled away most.  

This is total speculation of course.  But there is some basis for such thought.  Magnetism.  Consider the increasing strengths of positivity from the center to the end of a bar magnet.  The levels of positivity do not cause the magnet's pole to explode because of repulsion.   But if one were to cut the magnet length-wise you will not be able to bring them together again.   And if this proves to be so with protons of an atom, the need for the strong force may be eliminated.   And I'm all for eliminating as many of different laws, forces, and rules and reasons that have come along to describe what's going on in the cosmos.  We need more elegance...

Electrons are continuously being held onto more tightly, as needed in particular directions, to oppose any instant's outside attractions for them to go in.  There being constant imperceptible fluid like changes of gravity strengths coming from many directions with the nucleus likewise adjusting its positivity in those directions to counter.

An atom's velocity reducing an atom's operating speed in this manner is more reasonable than science's outlook now that electrons simply jump to a higher level when accelerated.    They may do that too, I don't know.  But at least it’s nice to know that science is aware that an atom's electrons do have longer orbits the higher their velocity.    That increased velocity causes physically slower operations, longer living atoms, and the 'appearance' of time being stretched.