CHAPTER  2

THE ATOM - Updated July 2026

The Atom - Where is all begins. Where is all leads.

First let me say that I am keeping this entire book at the level of the individual atom as it is understood to stand alone as the basic unit, with its well known parts.

Atoms come in various sizes and flavors.  They consist of one or more positively charged protons in their nucleus along with a matching number of negatively charged electrons in orbit around that nucleus, the numbers of which make up the various elements, hydrogen, iron, etc. 

The nucleus also contains neutrons in an amount equal to the protons, except for hydrogen which has no neutron.  They being un-needed as if a hydrogen atom were to be missing a proton or electron there would be no atom to belong to. :) But they do play a major roll in all other atoms, in maintaining the atom's balanced charge and mediating the distance the electrons are from the nucleus as it is constantly increasing and decreasing it's velocity and direction.   Their mass is equal to the total mass of the protons and electrons together. 

There may be times when the number of electrons and neutrons are not exactly equal as above.   Atoms may be missing or have extra of either, which gives them different qualities and names such as ions, isotopes, etc.   We'll leave all that for others to work out.  In any case, these various constructions give atoms their atomic weights and inherent mass, and therefore their inherent gravity.  How much gravity they are able to produce in and of themselves, compared to other elemental atoms, all within their particular relativistic 'at rest' at the same instantant.

'At rests' are one of the most important factors to keep in mind when considering the cosmos and the infinite velocities that all objects in it are moving. Atoms are known to increase their gravity strength as they increase velocity. This is explained in the chapter on Gravity, in T.O.E. below, and elsewhere in the book.    

It is also known that neutrons can swing to be more positive or negative fluidly as required by the atom at any instant.   To increase positive attractdion in the case of lagging electrons. Or to go negative to keep them at bay when the nucleus slows or reverses direction. Instantaneous fluctuations as those velocities and directions change.

The means for this happening is descrdibed further along in this chapter.   The main point is to understand that the changes we see in mass and gravity from our 'at rest' are only perceived when looking at another 'at rest'.

Protons and electrons being equally opposite charges cause the atom to be electrically neutral, theoretically at least.  Although they are never totally neutral as the electron's orbits are never perfectly circular.  They are stretched and distended away from the atom's nucleus as that atom dashes about the cosmos.  While not actually losing an electron to become a positive ion, the electron's ever so slight extra distance from the nucleus causes the neutrons to come into play and the atom to become slightly more positive.  And so, depending on the atoms velocity, some atoms are more positive than others. 

It is obvious that as atom's nucleus increases velocity, that increase in energy has to be paid for elsewhere. It is added to the distance its electrons normally travel in their orbits.  They will lag, and being unable to speed up to cover that extra distance, they will take longer to complete each orbit.   The amount determined directly by the amount of velocity increase. :)  It being tied directly to the conservation of energy.

Atoms have these moving parts and it is known that they can and do take irregular orbital paths.   So I submit that this is where the various directions and distances the atom travels is accounted for.  Certainly at a level well below our ability to measure but that protons can perceive quite easily. 

It is the single fact to which everything relates. 

There are different physical operating-speeds or rates of aging between every atom of the cosmos, determined solely by their individual velocities... 

So we submit that as an atom travels through space, its electron's orbits become longer, as they are affected by the atom's velocity, direction changes, and various miscellaneous attractions from other gravity fields.  As inertia and gravity are the same.  All the while the atom producing its own bit of additional gravity as needed to bring those more distant electrons back to the fold as best it can.  To balance against and meld with all outside gravitational attractions. 

Each atom will be either pulled into one of the gravity fields that attract it, to become a part of it, to help attract other single or small groups of atoms to it too.  Or to escape the attraction, lower its own proportional gravity strength again, and continue speeding through the cosmos.

Remember that you are on a planet spinning on its axis, going around a star, going around a galaxy, and so on.   So your atoms are moving quite erratically as you sit reading this book.  Not to mention the additional motions some of your atoms go through as you reach for your coffee and turn the pages.  Every single atom in your body and on up through every object in the cosmos has its own individual inertial frame of reference, continuously working to maintain its equilibrium as it were.  These variations taking place within the flexing of the whole, a minimal part of an otherwise stable overall group of atoms, whatever they may be forming, working more or less together.  Up to and including the universe itself.  It is keeping its basic shape quite well.    All with the help of these lowly atoms creating a self policing gravity network that makes it all work.   It's a balancing act between any atom and those others around it.  <

With straight line velocity an atom's electron orbits form trailing spirals to elongated ovals, depending on their orientation to the nucleus.  Further departures from circular orbits are brought on by the constant fluctuations of outside gravity.  In other words, electron orbits are continuously being contorted as every atom moves faster or slower than those around it.  Just consider that the atoms in your hand are moving faster and further than those in your shoulder when you reach for your coffee.  Your fingertips have aged the least. 

Outside gravity strengths create localized bulges in the overall spiral or oval velocity-only induced paths.  Extra distance, longer orbits, more counter balancing gravity being created, slower operation. Conservation of energy.    Every atom keeps itself in harmony with the cosmos around it.

It is seen that this extra internal gravity is only produced in the direction of those further distances the electrons are from the nucleus.  IOW, to attract more from the atom's rearward direction where the lag is actually happening.     While the protons within the entire nucleus likely stay their same level of charge, only the rear facing neutrons would be increasing their positivity.  

If that is the case and fitting in with the scenario of atoms traveling erratically, this would be going on at all times, in one or more directions at once.  So it would certainly seem that the individual neutrons adjust to various strengths of positivity that they are capable of in the directions needed..  

An atom's velocity reducing an atom's operating speed in this manner is more fitting with physics than the current idea that 'time' is slowed by gravity. There is no time.